{"id":914,"date":"2026-09-17T23:37:49","date_gmt":"2026-09-17T20:37:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/imaxis.ru\/?p=914"},"modified":"2026-09-18T00:06:10","modified_gmt":"2026-09-17T21:06:10","slug":"internet-shlyuz-na-ubuntu-debian-nat-marshrutizatsiya-i-probros-portov","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/imaxis.ru\/?p=914","title":{"rendered":"\u0418\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0435\u0442-\u0448\u043b\u044e\u0437 \u043d\u0430 Ubuntu \/ Debian: NAT, \u043c\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0440\u0443\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0432"},"content":{"rendered":"<h1>\u0418\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0435\u0442-\u0448\u043b\u044e\u0437 \u043d\u0430 Ubuntu \/ Debian: NAT, \u043c\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0440\u0443\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0432<\/h1>\n<p>\u041d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u043a\u0430 \u0448\u043b\u044e\u0437\u0430 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0438\u0442 \u0438\u0437 \u0442\u0440\u0451\u0445 \u0448\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0432:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u0412\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 IP-\u0444\u043e\u0440\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0443\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0435 \u044f\u0434\u0440\u0430;<\/li>\n<li>\u041d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u043a\u0430 \u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043c\u0430\u0443\u044d\u0440\u0430 (NAT);<\/li>\n<li>\u041e\u043f\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e \u2014 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0432 (port forwarding).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>\u041d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u043a\u0430 \u044f\u0434\u0440\u0430<\/h2>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">vi \/etc\/sysctl.d\/gateway.conf\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<pre><code>net.ipv4.ip_forward=1\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">sysctl -p \/etc\/sysctl.d\/gateway.conf\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><strong>\u041f\u0440\u0438 \u043e\u0448\u0438\u0431\u043a\u0435 <code>sysctl: command not found<\/code> \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442:<\/strong><\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">apt install procps\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><strong>\u041b\u0438\u0431\u043e \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043e\u043a\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c root:<\/strong><\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">su -\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0421 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043c \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0432\u044b\u043c \u0430\u0434\u0430\u043f\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0435 \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u043e \u2014 Ubuntu \u043d\u0430\u0447\u043d\u0451\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c \u043a\u0430\u043a \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0435\u0442-\u0448\u043b\u044e\u0437. \u0421 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0430\u0434\u0430\u043f\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u044d\u043a\u0440\u0430\u043d.<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>\u041d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u043a\u0430 \u0431\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043c\u0430\u0443\u044d\u0440\u0430 (iptables)<\/h2>\n<p>\u041f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u044c \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0435\u0442 \u2014 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 <code>ens160<\/code>, \u043b\u043e\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0442\u044c \u2014 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437 <code>ens32<\/code>:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">INTERNET=ens160\nLOCAL=ens32\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><strong>\u0417\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0437\u0430\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435 \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0432\u043e\u0438.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u043e NAT:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">iptables -t nat -I POSTROUTING -o ${INTERNET} -j MASQUERADE\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0415\u0441\u043b\u0438 \u043b\u043e\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0438 \u0433\u043b\u043e\u0431\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0430\u0445, \u0434\u043e\u0431\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u043c \u0444\u043e\u0440\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0433:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">iptables -I FORWARD -i ${LOCAL} -o ${INTERNET} -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT\niptables -I FORWARD -i ${LOCAL} -o ${INTERNET} -j ACCEPT\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><strong><code>${INTERNET}<\/code> \u2014 \u0432\u044b\u0445\u043e\u0434 \u0432 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0435\u0442, <code>${LOCAL}<\/code> \u2014 \u043b\u043e\u043a\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0442\u044c.<\/strong><\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">apt install iptables-persistent\nnetfilter-persistent save\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0432 (Port Forwarding)<\/h2>\n<p>\u041d\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d, \u0447\u0442\u043e\u0431\u044b \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0442\u044c \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u044b \u043d\u0430 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440 \u0437\u0430 NAT \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u043f\u0440\u044f\u043c\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u044b\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0443.<\/p>\n<h3>Iptables<\/h3>\n<p>\u0414\u0432\u0443\u043c\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0438:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">iptables -t nat -I PREROUTING -p tcp -m tcp -d 10.8.232.111 --dport 25 -j DNAT --to-destination 192.168.0.15:8025\niptables -t nat -I POSTROUTING -p tcp -m tcp -s 192.168.0.15 --sport 8025 -j SNAT --to-source 10.8.232.111:25\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p>\u0418\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u043e \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0443:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">iptables -t nat -I PREROUTING -p tcp -i eth0 --dport 25 -j DNAT --to-destination 192.168.0.15:8025\niptables -I FORWARD -p tcp -d 192.168.0.15 --dport 8025 -m state --state NEW,ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><strong>\u0433\u0434\u0435 <code>eth0<\/code> \u2014 \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0420\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0435\u0448\u0430\u0435\u043c \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f:<\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">iptables -I INPUT 1 -p tcp --dport 8025 -j ACCEPT\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><strong>\u041e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c \u043d\u0435 \u0432\u0445\u043e\u0434\u044f\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442 (25), \u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f (8025): \u0446\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438 PREROUTING\/POSTROUTING \u0432\u044b\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u043e FILTER.<\/strong><\/p>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">netfilter-persistent save\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<h3>\u0428\u0430\u0431\u043b\u043e\u043d \u0441 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438<\/h3>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">IPADDR=192.168.1.10    # \u0430\u0434\u0440\u0435\u0441, \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\nPORTOUT=443            # \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442 NAT\nPORTIN=443             # \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f\nINT=eth0               # \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441 NAT\nPROTO=tcp              # \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\">iptables -t nat -I PREROUTING -p ${PROTO} -i ${INT} --dport ${PORTOUT} -j DNAT --to-destination ${IPADDR}:${PORTIN}\niptables -I FORWARD -p ${PROTO} -d ${IPADDR} --dport ${PORTIN} -m state --state NEW,ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT\nnetfilter-persistent save\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>\u0422\u043e\u043d\u043a\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u043c\u043d\u0438<\/h2>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><code>ip_forward<\/code> \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f<\/strong> \u2014 <code>sysctl.d<\/code> \u043e\u0431\u044f\u0437\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d, \u0438\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043a\u0438 \u0448\u043b\u044e\u0437 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u0442\u044c.<\/li>\n<li><strong><code>MASQUERADE<\/code> vs <code>SNAT<\/code><\/strong> \u2014 MASQUERADE \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0434\u0438\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e IP; SNAT \u2014 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0426\u0435\u043f\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u043a<\/strong> \u2014 PREROUTING\/POSTROUTING (nat) \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u043e FORWARD (filter); \u043e\u0442\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f.<\/li>\n<li><strong><code>-I<\/code> vs <code>-A<\/code><\/strong> \u2014 <code>-I<\/code> \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u043e \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0447\u0430\u043b\u043e, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u0432\u0430\u0436\u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0438\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0449\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b \u0432\u044b\u0448\u0435.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u041e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043f\u0443\u0442\u044c (hairpin NAT)<\/strong> \u2014 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430 \u043a \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0438\u0441\u0443 \u0438\u0437\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0438 \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0438 \u043d\u0443\u0436\u043d\u044b \u0434\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0430 DNAT\/SNAT.<\/li>\n<li><strong><code>netfilter-persistent<\/code><\/strong> \u2014 \u0431\u0435\u0437 \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0430\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u043a\u0438.<\/li>\n<li><strong>nftables<\/strong> \u2014 \u0432 \u043d\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u0445 iptables \u043c\u043e\u0436\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u044c \u0444\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0434\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0430\u0434 nftables; \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0441\u043e\u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f, \u043d\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044f\u0439\u0442\u0435 <code>nft list ruleset<\/code>.<\/li>\n<li><strong>MTU<\/strong> \u2014 \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0442\u0443\u043d\u043d\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0445\/VPN \u043d\u0430 \u0448\u043b\u044e\u0437\u0435 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0441 \u043a\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043f\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<h2>\u0428\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043b\u043a\u0430<\/h2>\n<pre><code class=\"language-bash\"># \u0444\u043e\u0440\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0433\necho 'net.ipv4.ip_forward=1' &gt; \/etc\/sysctl.d\/gateway.conf\nsysctl -p \/etc\/sysctl.d\/gateway.conf\n\n# NAT\niptables -t nat -I POSTROUTING -o ens160 -j MASQUERADE\niptables -I FORWARD -i ens32 -o ens160 -j ACCEPT\nnetfilter-persistent save\n\n# \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0430\niptables -t nat -I PREROUTING -p tcp -i eth0 --dport 443 -j DNAT --to-destination 192.168.1.10:443\niptables -I FORWARD -p tcp -d 192.168.1.10 --dport 443 -m state --state NEW,ESTABLISHED,RELATED -j ACCEPT\niptables -I INPUT 1 -p tcp --dport 443 -j ACCEPT\nnetfilter-persistent save\n<\/code><\/pre>\n<p><em>\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430: Ubuntu 22.04\/24.04\/26.04, Debian 12.<\/em><br \/>\n<em>\u0414\u0430\u0442\u0430: \u0421\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044c 2026.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0418\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0435\u0442-\u0448\u043b\u044e\u0437 \u043d\u0430 Ubuntu \/ Debian: NAT, \u043c\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0440\u0443\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0441 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0432<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":0,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-914","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-linux"],"aioseo_notices":[],"views":12,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/imaxis.ru\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/914","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/imaxis.ru\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/imaxis.ru\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/imaxis.ru\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=914"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/imaxis.ru\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/914\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":917,"href":"https:\/\/imaxis.ru\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/914\/revisions\/917"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/imaxis.ru\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=914"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/imaxis.ru\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=914"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/imaxis.ru\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=914"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}